PROBLEMS OF GROUNDWATER POLLUTION

Abstract

This article discusses groundwater pollution and the main aspects of its correct use. Groundwater pollution poses a critical challenge to water resource management in Kazakhstan, a vast country in Central Asia with diverse geological conditions. This article delves into the sustainable management of groundwater, focusing on Kazakhstan's efforts to minimize the use of underground water and proposing potential solutions. As a nation located in the heart of Eurasia, Kazakhstan relies on various water resources, including rivers, lakes, and underground water. Groundwater, found at depths ranging from 50 to 500 meters, plays a pivotal role in providing drinking water and meeting agricultural needs, serving as the primary water source for many settlements and irrigation.

Kazakhstan exhibits distinct groundwater horizons, primarily comprising Paleogene and Mesozoic deposits, as well as carbonate rocks. However, regional variations in groundwater levels present challenges, such as surface-reaching groundwater in Southern Kazakhstan leading to flooding and soil salinization. Moreover, high mineralization is a notable characteristic, rendering some groundwater unsuitable for drinking and irrigation due to excessive salt content.

The state of Kazakhstan's groundwater significantly impacts the country's ecosystem, as overexploitation can lead to decreased groundwater levels, negatively affecting vegetation and wildlife. Various factors contribute to groundwater pollution, including industrial emissions from factories and mines, agricultural activities employing pesticides and fertilizers, oil and gas operations causing leaks, and uncontrolled wastewater discharge in the absence of effective treatment systems.

This comprehensive exploration of Kazakhstan's groundwater situation emphasizes the need for sustainable practices to address pollution sources and protect this vital resource. The article sheds light on the interconnectedness of groundwater management, environmental conservation, and the well-being of both human and natural systems in the region.